A low noise amplifier (LNA) is the first active stage in a receiver chain, positioned immediately after the antenna. Its primary job is to boost weak incoming signals while adding as little extra noise as possible. The LNA sets the overall system noise figure – a lower noise figure means better sensitivity, longer range, and the ability to detect signals buried in background noise. Key parameters include gain, noise figure, linearity (input intercept point), and return loss. LNAs are used in defence radar, satellite downlinks, drone telemetry receivers, wireless infrastructure, and test instrumentation.
Unlike a high power amplifier designed for output, an LNA is optimised for the input. It must achieve very low internal noise while providing enough gain to overcome the noise of subsequent stages. Impedance matching at the input is critical to minimise reflections. LNAs also need high linearity to avoid intermodulation distortion when strong out‑of‑band signals are present. Power consumption is kept low to suit battery‑operated receivers.
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